| motivation |
the purpose behind responding
|
| ethologists |
scientists who view behavior as largely governed by instincts and
other biologically determined factors
|
| instinct |
a relatively stereotyped, genetically programmed behavior in a given
species that is important to survival
|
| fixed action patterns (FAPs) |
behavioral patterns that are identical across members of a species and
are biologically determined
|
| modal action patters (MAPs) |
behavior patterns that occur among most members of a species and are
biologically determined
|
| sign stimulus |
an environmental releaser that serves as the trigger mechanism for
instincts and other biologically driven behaviors
|
| vacuum behavior |
instinctual behavior that occurs independantly of the appropriate
environmental releaser, usually because of lack of opportunity to
respond
|
| behavior ecology |
study of the coexistence of several different species in one
habitat
|
| sociobiology |
evolutionary study of animal social behavior; advances the idea that
animals respond to ensure their genetic survival
|
| drive-reduction model |
Hull's model which states that motivation arises out of a need state
(biologically a change in homeostasis)
|
| cognitive consistency theory |
model that states that congnitive inconsistencies create tension and
thus motivate the organism to respond
|
| cognitive dissonance theory |
congnitive consistency model formulated by Festinger. Asserts that
when a person experience two cognitions that are dissonant, a state of
psychologcal distress results.
|
| arousal theories |
models of motivation that argues that we all have optimal levels of stimulation that we
try to maintain
|
| Yerkes-Dodson law |
principle that states that arousal will increaser performance up toa point, then further
increases will impair performance
|
| incentive theory |
viewpoint on motivation that suggests that behavior is pulled rather than pushed
|
| overjustification effect |
when shifting from an external reward to an instrisic reward, the desired behavior falls
off substantially because responding is no longer deemed to be worthwhile
|
| self-actualization |
Maslow's position that we all strive to be everything possible for us to be. See Hierarchy of
Needs.
|
| laterial hypothalmic area |
brain region once identified as the "hunger center"
|
| ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) |
brain region once identified as the "satiety center"
|
| insulin |
hormone produced by the pancreas that promotes the transfer of glucose to the tissues
|
| glucagon |
hormone produced by the pancreas that serves to concert glycogen back to glocose
|
| glucoreceptors |
specialized receptors in the body that are sensitive to the amount of glucose present
|
| short-term cues |
stimuli such as the color or taste of food that may determine meal size and frequency
|
| long-term cues |
cues such as body fat that regulate overall body weight
|
| set point |
the point established for each person that determines how much fat will be stored
|
| anorexia nervosa |
eating disorder characterized by self-imposed starvation
|
| bulimia nervosa |
eating disorder in which a person eats large amounds of food, only to vomit or otherwise purge the system; results in extreme
weight loss
|
| gonadotropic hormones |
hormones that have their gonads (sex organs) as their target
|
| follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
gonadotropic hormone that induces the maturation of ovarian follicles and stimulates estrogen release and sperm production
|
| lutenizing hormone (LH) |
induces ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone release in males
|
| estrus |
a sexually receptive period for female animals.
|
| hostile aggression |
form of agression that results from frustration or discomfort, and that is not necessarily intended to produce benefits for the
agressor
|
| instrumental agression |
agression with the intent of gaining some personal benefit
|
| need achievement |
motive based on our desire to achieve at a certain level
|
| motivational conflicts |
See the Conflict Types section below
|
| fight or flight syndrome |
emotional changes that prepare an organism for emergency responding
|
| universalists |
scientists who believe that emotional expression is innately prescribed
|
| facial affect program |
the inborn facial muscle changes that go with the expression of particular emotions
|
| prosodic features |
nonverbal components of speech that are universally present among all cultures
|
| display rules |
culturally learned components and rules of the appropriateness of emotional expression.
|
| Duchenne smile |
facial changes that accompany a genuine smile; incolves upward turn of the corners of the lips and cheek elevation
|
| relativists |
scientists who, unlike the universalists, believe that most human emotions are learned
|
| James-Lange theory |
historical account of emotion that suggests that bodily changes cause subjective feelings to occur
|
| thalamic theory |
Cannon's idea that the thalamic region in the brain controls emotional expression by siultaneously changing bodily events,
thoughts, and feelings
|
| cognitive-physiological theory |
idea proposed by Sachachter that three events (bodily changes, current stimulus, and memories) combine to determine emotional
behavior
|
| stranger anxiety |
feaer of unfamiliar peple in infants; usually develops after about 6 months of age
|
| romantic love |
love characterized by high physical arousal, fantasy, and occasional jealousy
|
| mature love |
less arousing that romantic love, but more enduring
|
| triangular theory of love |
Sternberg's theory, which states that love consists of intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment
|
|
Conflict Types: |
| approach-approach |
motivational conflict in which a person is caught between to equally attractive goals
|
| avoidance-avoidance |
motivational conflict in which a person is caught between two equally unattractive alternatives
|
| approach-avoidance |
motivational conflict in which a person is simultaneously attracted and repelled by a single event
|
| multiple approach-avoidance |
motivational conflict that results when a person mush choose between two or more events that have both attractive and unattractive
features
|
Chapter 9 Glossary
