ethologists-  scientists who view behavior as largely governed by instincts and other biologically determined events

instinct-  a relatively sterotyped, genetically programmed behavior in a given species that is important to survival

fixed action patterns (FAPs)-  behavioral patterns that are indentical across members of a species and are bilogically dtermined

modal action patterns (MAPs)-  behavioral patterns that occur among most members of a species and are biologically determined

sign stimulus-  an environmental releaser that serves as the triggering mechanism for instincts and other biologically driven behaviors

vacuum behavior-  when an instinct occurs independently of the appropiate environmental releaser, usually because of lack of opportunity to respond

behavioral ecology-  study of the coexistence of several different species in one habitat

sociobiology-  evolutionary study of animal social behavior; adances the idea that animals respond to ensure their gentic survival

drive-reduction model-  Hull's model, which states taht motivation arises out of a need state

cognitive consistency theory-  the model that states that cognitive inconsistencies create tension and thus motivate the organism to respond

cognitive dissonance theory-  cognitive consistency model formulated by Festinger

arousal theories-  models of motivation that argues that we all have optimal levels of stimulation that we try to maintain

Yerkes-Dodson law-  principle that states that arousal will increase performance up to a point, then further increases will impair performance 

incentive theory-  viewpoint on motivation that suggests that behavior is pulled rather than pushed

overjustification effect-  when shifting from an external reward to an intrinsic reward, the desired behavior falls off substantially because responding is no longer deemed to be worthwhile

self-actualization-  Maslow's position that we all strive to be everything posible for us to be

insulin-  hormone produced by the pancreas that promotes the transfer of glucose to the tissues

glucagon-  hormone produced by the pancreas that serves to convert glycogen back to glucose

glucoreceptors-  specialized receptors in the body that are sensitive to the amount of glucose present

short-term cues- stimuli suxh as the color or taste of food that may determine meal size and frequency

long-term cue- cues such as body fat that regulate overall body weight

set point- the point established for each person that determines how much fat wil be stored

anorexia nervosa- eating disorder characterized by self-imposed starvation

bulimia nervosa- eating disorder in which a person eats large amounts of food, only to vomit or otherwise purge the systeml results in extreme weight loss

gonadotrpohic hormones- hormones that have the gonads (sex organs) as their target

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)- gonadotrophic hormone that induces the maturation of ovarian follicles and stimulates estrogen release and sperm production

luteinizing hormone(LH)- induces ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone release in males

estrus- a sexually receptive period for female animals

hostile aggression- form of aggression that results from frustration or discomfort, and that is not neccessarily intended to produce benefits for the aggressor

instrumental agression- aggression with the intent of gaining some personal benefit

need achievement- motive based on our desire to achieve at a certain level

aproach-aproach conflict- motivational conflict in which a person is caught between two equally attractive goals

avoidance-avoidance conflict- motivational conflict in which the person is caught between two equally unattractive alternatives

approach-avoidance conflict- motivational conflict in which a person is simultaneously attracted and repelled by a single event

mulitple approach-avoidance conflict- motivational conflict that results when a person must choose between two or more events that have both attractive and unattractive features